Effects of Astragalus membranaceus, Peumus boldus and Curcuma longa extracts in diabetic rats / Efeitos de extratos de Astragalus membranaceus, Peumus boldus e Curcuma longa em ratos com diabetes induzida

Objectives: the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the association of dry extracts of Astragalus membranaceus, Peumus boldus and Curcuma longa in rats with induced diabetes. Methods: After the induction of type 2 diabetes by intraperitoneal streptozotocin, male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to groups (n=6) and treated for 20 days. The extracts were suspended in water and administered through orogastric gavage once daily as described: Group I: healthy control (saline); group II: received Astragalus membranaceus, Peumus boldus and Curcuma longa (400 mg/kg/day of each dry extract); group III: received Astragalus membranaceus, Peumus boldus, Curcuma longa (400 mg/kg/day of each dry extract) and glibenclamide (15 mg/kg/day). Fasting glucose, glucose tolerance, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and fructosamine were evaluated. Results: Fasting blood glucose and glucose tolerance for groups II and III were influenced by treatments (p<0.05). The extracts did not significantly influence the efficacy of glibenclamide. Conclusion: The results found in this study allow us to consider that it is not possible to conclude that the compounds evaluated are not effective in DM in rats, due to variables such as total treatment period, doses, size of pancreatic injury caused by streptozotocin, and diet profile may have influenced the results. The studied compounds have potential for application in diabetes and further studies should be carried out to adjust the treatment.

Objetivos: avaliar os efeitos da associação de extratos secos de Astragalus membranaceus, Peumus boldus e Curcuma longa em ratos com diabetes induzida. Métodos: Após a indução de diabetes tipo 2 (DM) por estreptozotocina intraperitoneal, ratos Wistar machos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em grupos (n=6) e tratados por 20 dias. Os extratos foram suspensos em água e administrados por gavagem orogástrica uma vez ao dia conforme descrito: Grupo I: controle saudável (solução salina); grupo II: recebeu Astragalus membranaceus, Peumus boldus e Curcuma longa (400 mg/kg/dia de cada extrato seco); grupo III: receberam Astragalus membranaceus, Peumus boldus, Curcuma longa (400 mg/kg/dia de cada extrato seco) e glibenclamida (15 mg/kg/dia). A glicemia de jejum, tolerância à glicose, alanina aminotransferase, aspartato aminotransferase e frutosamina foram avaliados. Resultados: A glicemia de jejum e a tolerância à glicose para os grupos II e III foram influenciadas pelos tratamentos (p<0,05). Os extratos não influenciaram significativamente na eficácia da glibenclamida. Conclusão: Os resultados encontrados neste estudo permitem considerar que não é possível concluir que os compostos avaliados não são eficazes no DM em ratos, devido às variáveis como tempo total de tratamento, doses e tamanho da lesão pancreática causada por estreptozotocina, além do perfil da dieta, que podem ter influenciado os resultados. Os compostos estudados têm potencial para aplicação em diabetes e mais estudos devem ser realizados para adequar o tratamento.

Conhecimento etnobotânico sobre plantas medicinais utilizadas por moradores de um município ribeirinho no interior do estado do Amazonas, Brasil / Ethnobotanical knowledge of medicinal plants used by residents of a riverside city in the Amazonas state, Brazil

Mesmo com a evolução do conhecimento científico, a utilização de plantas medicinais é uma das práticas mais antigas ainda realizadas pelo homem, especialmente pelos habitantes de comunidades e municípios do interior do Brasil, principalmente em regiões com baixos índices de desenvolvimento humano. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um estudo etnobotânico sobre as plantas medicinais utilizadas pelos moradores de um bairro localizado em um município ribeirinho do interior do estado do Amazonas. Participaram do estudo cem indivíduos, e os dados obtidos pela pesquisa foram compilados por meio de um formulário, contendo 14 questões (objetivas e discursivas). Os resultados demonstraram que 95% dos moradores faziam uso de plantas medicinais. Foram citadas 89 espécies, pertencentes a 48 famílias botânicas, com destaque para a Lamiaceae. As plantas mais citadas foram: Plectranthus barbatus (boldo) ­ 6,1%, Citrus sinensis (laranjeira) ­ 5,8% e Allium sativum (alho) ­ 4,7%. No entanto, quando analisado o índice de concordância (porcentagem de uso principal = CUP), a Citrus sinensis (laranjeira) apresentou um CUP de 80,9%, seguida por Plectranthus barbatus (boldo) e Disphania ambrosioides (mastruz), com 68,1% e 61,5%, respectivamente. Com relação ao modo de preparo, 61,1% citaram infusão, e as principais enfermidades tratadas foram as dores de estômago, com 13,1%. É importante enfatizar a necessidade de mais estudos acerca dos reais benefícios dessas ervas, a fim de que a divulgação de tais informações possa complementar o conhecimento empírico já difundido entre a população local. Dessa forma, será possível ampliar o conhecimento etnobotânico como um todo e, consequentemente, promover saúde e bem-estar.

Despite the evolution of scientific knowledge, the use of medicinal plants is one of the oldest practices still used by men and, especially by the inhabitants of communities and municipalities of the interior of Brazil, mainly in regions with low human development rates. The purpose of this work was to perform an ethnobotanical study on medicinal plants used by residents of a neighborhood located in a riverside city in the interior of the state of Amazonas. A total of 100 individuals participated in the study, with data being obtained through the use of a form containing 14 open and closed-ended questions. The results showed that 95% of the residents used medicinal plants. A total of 89 species, belonging to 48 botanical families were mentioned, with emphasis to Lamiaceae. The plants that were most frequently mentioned were Plectranthus barbatus (locally known as boldo) ­ 6.1%; Citrus sinensis (orange tree) ­ 5.8%; and Allium sativum (garlic) ­ 4.7%. However, when analyzing the agreement index (percentage of main use = CUP), Citrus sinensis (orange tree) presented a CUP of 80.9%, followed by Plectranthus barbatus (boldo) and Disphania ambrosioides (Mexican tea), with 68.1 and 61.5%, respectively. In relation to the method of preparation, 61.1% cited infusion, with the main disorder treated being stomachache, with 13.1%. It is important to emphasize the need for further studies on the actual benefits of these herbs so that the dissemination of the information can complement the already widespread empirical knowledge among the local population. Thus, it will be possible to expand the ethnobotanical knowledge as a whole and, consequently, promote health and well-being.

Evaluation of Boldine Activity against Intracellular Amastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis

Leishmaniasis is a neglected and endemic disease that affects poorest population mainly in developing countries. A lack of adequate and definitive chemotherapeutic agents to fight against this infection has led to the investigation of numerous compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro activity of boldine against Leishmania amazonensis murine cell infection. Boldine ((S)-2,9-dihydroxy-1,10-dimethoxy-aporphine) is an aporphine alkaloid found abundantly in the leaves/bark of boldo (Peumus boldus Molina), a widely distributed tree native to Chile. The in vitro system consisted of murine macrophage infection with amastigotes of L. amazonensis treated with different concentrations from 50 to 600 μg/ml of boldine for 24 hr. Intracellular parasite destruction was assessed by morphological examination and boldine cytotoxicity to macrophages was tested by the MTT viability assay. When cells were treated with 100 μg/ml of boldine the reduction of parasite infection was 81% compared with untreated cultures cells. Interestingly, boldine-treatment caused a concentration-dependent decrease of macrophage infection that culminated with 96% of reduction when cells were submitted to 600 μg/ml of boldine. Cell cultures exposed to 100 μg/ml of boldine and 300 μg/ml of Glucantime® during 24 hr showed a significant reduction of 50% in parasitized cells compared with cell cultures exposed just to Glucantime®. The study showed that treatment with boldine produces a better effect than treatment with the reference antimonial drug, glucantime, in L. amazonensis infected macrophage. Our results suggest that boldine is a potentially useful agent for the treatment of leishmaniasis.

Contenido de boldina en tisanas y sus implicancias en salud / Content of boldine in herbal teas and health implications

Introducción: El boldo es una de las plantas medicinales digestivas más ampliamente usada, existiendo información científica que avala sus propiedades terapéuticas. Sin embargo, no hay estudios que determinen la permanencia del agente activo, la boldina, al ser comercializado en hojas o en saquitos. Objetivo: Determinar la permanencia de boldina, en distintas formas de presentación del boldo obtenido de comercios de Gran Mendoza (Argentina). Metodología: se realizó un muestreo no probabilístico de las principales dietéticas y supermercados, adquiriendo cuatro marcas de boldo en saquitos y dos marcas de boldo en hojas. Para cada tipo se obtuvieron 10 unidades, de diferentes partidas y locales de venta, las cuales fueron analizadas, por triplicado, utilizando Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Resolución (HPLC), usando como patrón boldina. Para el análisis se prepararon como infusión y decocción. Resultados: se demostró que la concentración de boldina fue variable para todas las muestras, de 378 mg/L en hojas, a 194 mg/L en saquito, siendo la infusión el método más eficaz para extraer la boldina. Por último, cabe destacar que la ingesta diaria admitida (IDA) de boldina puede ser superada fácilmente con el boldo en hojas, siendo peligrosa por su posible neurotoxicidad. En adultos, el promedio de infusiones suficiente para cubrir la IDA varía de 2 a 4 tisanas por día y en niños, de 1 a 2 infusiones diarias. Según la recomendación de la European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy (ESCOP), con sólo 1 a 2 infusiones diarias se supera el límite permitido, siendo mayor la posibilidad de intoxicación. Conclusión: El boldo en saquito tiene menores concentraciones de agentes activos en comparación con las hojas de boldo. Por la permanencia del agente activo, el boldo puede ser utilizado como coadyuvante en el tratamiento de patologías digestivas, pero también es necesario conocer las dosificaciones para evitar posibles riesgos de intoxicación.

The effect of the aqueous extract Peumus boldus on the proliferation of hepatocytes and liver function in rats submitted to expanded hepatectomy

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To assess the effect of aqueous extract of Peumus Boldus (AEPB) on the liver proliferative response after parcial hepatectomy of 70% (PH) in rodents. METHODS: Twenty Wistar rats were divided in two groups: AEPB100 (whose rats received 100mg/Kg of AEPB, once a day, orally, in 4 days prior to the first surgical procedure) and Vehicle (whose rats were treated similarly with distilled water). Both groups underwent PH. After 24 hours the remaining livers were removed for studying the proliferation of hepatocytes by Ki-67 and 2mL of blood were collected for serological assessment: cholesterol, glucose, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and total, direct and indirect bilirubin. All data were analyzed by Gaussian distribution. Statistically significant differences between mean values were analyzed using T Student's test. Non-Gaussian data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney's test. RESULTS: The liver of all these rats presented positive staining of Ki-67, indicating liver proliferation. Laboratory results showed no significant difference in serum values between the analyzed groups. The analysis of Ki-67 was significantly more positive in AEPB100 group than in Vehicle group. CONCLUSION: Aqueous extract of Peumus Boldus acute administration exerts significant positive effect on liver regeneration after 24h in rats that underwent parcial hepatectomy, while maintaining unchanged hepatic function.

Parâmetros de qualidade físico-químicos e avaliação da atividade antioxidante de folhas de Plectranthus barbatus Andr. (Lamiaceae) submetidas a diferentes processos de secagem / Quality of the leaves of Plectranthus barbatus Andr. (Lamiaceae) dried in solar dryer and oven

RESUMO O presente trabalho descreve a composição físico-química, a avaliação da atividade antioxidante pelo método de sequestro de radicais livres DPPH, determinação de flavonoides e de fenóis totais dos extratos etanol, acetona e aquoso de Plectranthus barbatus Andr. (Lamiaceae), desidratadas em secador solar e em estufa de circulação de ar a 60 oC. Os valores de atividade de água encontrados para as duas secagens foram inferiores ao mínimo necessário para o crescimento e produção de toxina de patógenos de importância alimentar. Os resultados das análises físico-químicas demonstraram que ambos os processos mostraram-se eficientes na desidratação de P. barbatus. Os resultados demonstraram que os extratos acetona (estufa) e etanol (estufa e secador solar) foram os que apresentaram maior conteúdo de fenóis totais. O extrato etanólico (estufa) apresentou maior quantidade de flavonoides e melhor potencial antioxidante (IC50 = 75,71 ± 10,57 µg mL-1).

ABSTRACT This paper describes the physicochemical composition, the evaluation of the antioxidant activity by free DPPH radicals using the scavenging method, the determination of flavonoids and total phenolic compounds of ethanol, acetone and aqueous extracts of the medicinal plant Plectranthus barbatus Andr. (Lamiaceae), dehydrated in solar dryer and circulation oven at 60 °C. Water activity rates for two drying methods were below the minimum necessary for growth and toxin production of important food pathogens. Physicochemical results showed that both processes were effective in the dehydration of P. barbatus. The results demonstrated that the acetone (over) and ethanol (over and solar dryer) extracts showed the highest content of total phenols. The ethanol extract (over) showed the highest amount of flavonoids and better antioxidant activity (75.71 ± 10.57 µg L-1).

Efecto protector del extracto acuoso de Peumus boldus (boldo) frente a la inducción de cirrosis hepática con paracetamol y fenobarbital en ratas, comparado con la silimarina, Arequipa 2015 / Protective effect of the aqueous extract of Peumus boldus (boldo) against the induction of hepatic cirrhosis with paracetamol and phenobarbital in rats, compared with silymarin, Arequipa 2015

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar el efecto protector del extracto acuoso de Peumus boldus (boldo) frente a la inducción de cirrosis hepática con paracetamol y fenobarbital en ratas comparado con la silimarina. Se realizó un estudio experimental, para el cual se utilizó 20 ratas machos Rattus norvegicus de tres meses de edad, las cuales fueron distribuidas en cuatro grupos de 5 ratas cada uno: control negativo, recibieron agua destilada (1ml/kg de peso) y suero fisiológico (1ml/kg de peso); control positivo, recibieron a diario Agua destilada (1 mllkg de peso); experimental protector, recibieron a diario el extracto acuoso de las hojas de Peumus boldus (boldo) (160mg/Kg de peso); patrón, recibieron a diario la Silimarina (25mg/kg de peso), A los 3 últimos grupos, después de 30 minutos se les administró la dosis tóxica de fenobarbital (0.5mg/ml) el primer día y paracetamol (250mg/Kg de peso) los días 5, 1 O y 15 ambos fármacos vía intraperitoneal. Se tomó pruebas del perfil hepático los días 1, 5, 10 y 15 en sangre, y se estudió la anatomopatología de los hígados. Al finalizar los procedimientos experimentales se encontró que, el control positivo tuvo elevación de transaminasas TGO (119 ± 8,6), TGP (61 ± 8,1), bilirrubina total (1 ,49 ± O, 15), y fosfatasa alcalina (168 ± 35,2); disminución de albúminas (3,1 ± 0,21) y proteínas totales (5,1 ± 0,3); mientras que el grupo protector (boldo), tuvo una disminución significativa de transaminasas TGO (73 ± 9,7), TGP (31 ± 5,4), bilirrubina total (1 ,23 ±O, 13) y fosfatasa alcalina (121 ± 19,5), y un aumento significativo de albúmina (3.82 ± 0,40). El extracto acuoso de Pe u mus boldus (boldo) a una dosis de 160 mg/kg de peso, tiene efecto hepatoprotector frente a la injuria producida por el fenobarbital y paracetamol según parámetros bioquímicos y anatomopatológ icos.

Efecto neurotóxico del extracto acuoso de boldo (Peumus boldus) en un modelo animal / Neurotoxic effect of aqueous extract of boldo (Peumus boldus) in an animal model

Objetivos : Evaluar el efecto neurotóxico del extracto acuoso de boldo (Peumus boldus) en un modelo experimental. Materiales y métodos. Se diseñó un experimento, que incluyó 20 ratas macho Holtzman de 250 ± 15 gr, distribuidas aleatoriamente en cuatro grupos: el control negativo recibió solución salina (SS) por vía oral (VO), el control positivo que recibió 6-hidroxidopamina por vía intracraneal (VIC) y SS por VO, el grupo experimental 1 recibió extracto acuoso de boldo (EAB) por VO y el grupo experimental 2 recibió 6-hidroxidopamina por VIC y EAB por VO, en todos los casos durante 21 días. Se realizó una evaluación neurológica, la cual tuvo tres componentes: a) clínico, evaluado con el test de rotarod, b) bioquímico, mediante la determinación de niveles séricos de ácido úrico, y c) histopatológico, por inmunohistoquímica para neuronas dopaminérgicas de sustancia negra. Se empleó la prueba de Kruskal Wallis y el test de Dunn para evaluar las diferencias entre los grupos. Resultados. Se encontró disminución significativa en el tiempo de latencia del test de rotarod entre los grupos control negativo y control positivo (p<0,01), control negativo y experimental 1 (p=0,09), control negativo y experimental 2 (p<0,01), control positivo y experimental 1 (p=0,04), y experimental 1 y 2 (p=0,09). En la determinación de ácido úrico no hubo diferencia significativa intergrupal. En el conteo neuronal hubo depleción de neuronas dopaminérgicas totales, pero sin diferencia intergrupal. Conclusiones. Se evidencio un efecto neurotóxico del extracto acuoso de boldo en ratas macho de la cepa Holtzman a nivel clínico.

Objectives. To assess the neurotoxic effect of the aqueous extract of boldo (Peumus boldus) in an experimental model. Materials and methods. 20 male Holtzman rats of 250 ± 15 g were randomized into four groups: the negative control received saline solution (SS) orally (PO), the positive control received 6-hydroxydopamine intracranially (IC) and SS by PO. Experimental group 1 received aqueous extract of boldo (AEB) by PO, and experimental group 2 received 6-hydroxydopamine intracranially and AEB by PO. The experiment lasted 21 days. A neurological assessment was performed which had three components: a) clinical, evaluated with the rotarod test, b) biochemical, by measuring serum levels of uric acid, and c) histopathology, by immunohistochemistry for substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons. The Kruskal Wallis test and the Dunn test were used to assess differences between groups. Results. A significant decrease was found in the latency time of the rotarod test between the negative and positive control group (p<0.01), negative control and experimental 1 (p=0.09), negative control and experimental 2 (p<0.01), positive control and experimental 1 (p=0.04), and experimental 1 and 2 (p=0.09). There was no significant intergroup difference in the identification of uric acid. There was a depletion of the total dopaminergic neurons in the neuronal count, without intergroup difference. Conclusions. A neurotoxic effect of aqueous extract of boldo was recognized at a clinical level in Holtzman male rats.

Low doses of ethanolic extract of Boldo (Peumus boldus) can ameliorate toxicity generated by cisplatin in normal liver cells of mice in vivo and in WRL-68 cells in vitro, but not in cancer cells in vivo or in vitro / 中西医结合学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Use of cisplatin, a conventional anticancer drug, is restricted because it generates strong hepatotoxicity by accumulating in liver. Therefore its anticancer potential can only be fully exploited if its own toxicity is considerably reduced. Towards this goal, ethanolic extract of the plant, Boldo (Peumus boldus), known for its antihepatotoxic effects, was used simultaneously with cisplatin, to test its ability to reduce cisplatin's cytotoxicity without affecting its anticancer potential.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The cytotoxicity of Boldo extract (BE) and cisplatin, administered alone and in combination, was determined in three cancer cell lines (A549, HeLa, and HepG2) and in normal liver cells (WRL-68). Drug-DNA interaction, DNA damage, cell cycle, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP, ΔΨ) were also studied. Hepatotoxicity and antioxidant activity levels were determined by alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and glutathione assays in mice. The cytotoxicity of related proteins was tested by Western blotting.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Co-administration of BE and cisplatin increased viability of normal cells, but had no effect on the viability of cancer cells. Boldo protected liver from damage and normalized different antioxidant enzyme levels in vivo and also reduced ROS and re-polarized MMP in vitro. Bax and cytochrome c translocation was reduced with caspase 3 down-regulation. Further, a drug-DNA interaction study revealed that BE reduced cisplatin's DNA-binding capacity, resulting in a reduction in DNA damage.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Results indicated that a low dose of BE could be used beneficially in combination with cisplatin to reduce its toxicity without hampering cisplatin's anticancer effect. These findings signify a potential future use of BE in cancer therapy.</p>

Actividad insecticida del polvo de Peumus boldus Molina (Monimiaceae) contra Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) / Insecticidal activity of Peumus boldus Molina (Monimiaceae) powder against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The insecticidal properties of foliage´s powder of Peumus boldus Molina against adults and immature S. zeamais were evaluated. The highest toxicity in contact and fumigant activity was reached by concentrations upper to 1.25 percent showing mortality over to 90 percent. The treatments with high mortality showed a lower adult insect emergence (F1) and grain weight loss too. In immature S. zeamais control lower F1 was observed in highest concentrations of powder. The storage of powder under refrigerated conditions not prevents the insecticidal properties lost. All evaluated concentrations exhibited repellent activity against S. zeamais adults. The powder of P. boldus does not affect the grain germination. We concluded that powder of P. boldus has promissory perspectives to stored products pests control.

Se evaluaron las propiedades insecticidas del polvo de follaje de Peumus boldus Molina para el control de adultos y estados inmaduros de S. zeamais. La mayor toxicidad por contacto y fumigación se obtuvo con las concentraciones iguales o mayores a 1,25 por ciento registrando una mortalidad superior a 90 por ciento. Los tratamientos con mayor mortalidad mostraron también una baja emergencia de insectos adultos (F1) y menor pérdida de peso del grano. En el control de estados inmaduros la menor F1 se observó en las concentraciones más altas de polvo. El almacenamiento del polvo en refrigeración no impidió la pérdida en el tiempo de las propiedades insecticidas. Todas las concentraciones evaluadas mostraron efecto repelente contra adultos de S. zeamais. El polvo de P. boldus no afectó significativamente la germinación de los granos. Se concluye que el polvo de P. boldus tiene perspectivas auspiciosas para el control de plagas de los productos almacenados.

Composição do óleo essencial de quatro espécies do gênero Plectranthus / Essential oil composition of four Plectranthus species

O gênero Plectranthus é considerado um dos mais ricos em óleos essenciais dentro da família Lamiaceae, compreendendo muitas espécies com propriedades medicinais. Algumas destas são conhecidas popularmente como boldo, as quais possuem semelhanças taxonômicas e diversas sinonímias, possuindo ações anti-dispépticas, analgésicas e digestivas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar quantitativa e qualitativamente os óleos essenciais presentes nas folhas das espécies P. amboinicus, P. barbatus, P. grandis e P. neochilus. A extração do óleo foi realizada por hidrodestilação, utilizando pentano como solvente extrator, repetida por três vezes para cada uma das espécies. A análise dos componentes dos óleos essenciais das quatro espécies de Plectranthus, através da CG/EM, permitiu identificar 14 componentes químicos, sendo a maioria sesquiterpenos. O trans-cariofileno se apresentou em elevada concentração nos óleos estudados. Alguns componentes químicos demonstraram ser específicos para cada espécie e outros apresentaram ocorrência comum a todas as quatro, possibilitando a diferenciação das mesmas em dois grupos, um formado por P. amboinicus e P. neochilus e o outro por P. grandis e P. barbatus. Conclui-se que as quatro espécies de boldo apresentam diferenças significativas quanto ao teor e à constituição química do óleo essencial.

Plectranthus has been considered one of the richest genera in essential oils within the Lamiaceae family, which includes several species with medicinal properties. Some of them are commonly known as boldo and present taxonomic similarities and several synonymies, with antidyspeptic, analgesic and digestive actions. The aim of this study was to evaluate quantitatively and qualitatively the essential oils from P. amboinicus, P. barbatus, P. grandis and P. neochilus leaves. The oil was extracted by hydrodistillation using pentane as extracting solvent and was repeated three times for each species. The analysis of essential oil components by GC/MS in the four Plectranthus species identified 14 chemical components, mostly sesquiterpenes. High concentration of trans-caryophyllene was found in the studied oils. Some chemical components were specific for each species and other components had common occurrence in all four species, allowing their differentiation into two groups, one composed of P. amboinicus and P. neochilus and another one by P. grandis and P. barbatus. In conclusion, the four boldo species had significant differences as to essential oil yield and chemical composition.

Insecticidal properties of Peumus boldus Mol: essential oil on the house fly, Musca domestica L / Propiedades insecticidas del aceite esencial de Peumus boldus Mol: sobre la mosca doméstica, Musca domestica L

The composition of the essential oil (EO) obtained by hydro distillation from dry leaves of Peumus boldus was analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). The insecticidal activity of the oil against the house fly Musca domestica was evaluated by placing flies in a sealed glass jar containing a piece of EO-treated cotton yarn. The dose necessary to kill 50 percent of flies (LC50) in 1 h was determined at 26 +/-1°C. The essential oil from Peumus boldus showed potent insecticidal properties (LC50 = 6.26 mg/dm3). According to GC and GC/MS analysis, 1,8-cineol (36.72 percent); p-cymene (26.79 percent); ascaridol (6.25 percent); sabinene (5.10 percent); 4-terpineol (4.39 percent); beta-pinene (4.16 percent) and limonene (2.68 percent) were the principal components of the EO. The EO from Peumus boldus seems promising as a natural insecticide against houseflies. The peumus boldus essential oil reported in this paper is different to that reported in other publications. .The most important differences are the low content of ascaridol and the high content of both 1,8-cineol and p-cimene which can be attributed to the time of year and the geographic location of the samples plant.

La composición del aceite esencial (AE), obtenido por hidrodestilación de hojas secas de Peumus boldus se analizó mediante cromatografía de gases (CG) y cromatografía de gases / espectrometría de masas (CG / EM). La actividad insecticida del aceite contra la mosca doméstica, Musca domestica se evaluó colocando las moscas en un frasco de vidrio sellado con un trozo de hilo de algodón tratado con diferentes cantidades de AE. La dosis necesaria para matar el 50 por ciento de las moscas (LC50) en 1 hora se determinó a 26 +/- 1ºC. El aceite esencial de Peumus boldus mostró potentes propiedades insecticidas (LC50= 6.26 mg/dm3). De acuerdo con los análisis de GC y CG / EM, 1,8-cineol (36,72 por ciento), p-cimeno (26.79 por ciento); ascaridol (6,25 por ciento); sabineno (5.10 por ciento), 4-terpineol (4,39 por ciento), beta-pineno (4,16 por ciento) y limoneno (2,68 por ciento) fueron los componentes principales del AE. El AE de Peumus boldus parece prometedor como un insecticida natural contra moscas. La composición del aceite esencial de Peumus boldus encontrado en este trabajo es diferente a lo reportado en otras publicaciones. Las diferencias más importantes son el bajo contenido de ascaridol y el alto contenido de ambos 1,8-cineol y p-cimeno que puede atribuirse a la época del año y la ubicación geográfica de las plantas recolectadas.

Efficacy of some herbal preparations as hepatoprotective agents

In folk medicine, there are many herbal preparations used for their hepatoprotective activities. One of the most common recipes consists of equal parts [w/w] of decoction of [10% concentration]: Peumus boldus [leaves], Cichorium intybus [root] and Nigella sativa [seed] [Recipe 1]. Glycyrrhiza labell rhizome [root] replaced Cichorium intybus in [Recipe 2] or added to the Recipe 2 to form [Recipe 3]. Three groups of normal albino rats were orally administered 1.5 ml / 100 g of Recipe 1 [group 1], Recipe 2 [group 2] or Recipe 3 [group3] and the control group [group 4] was given 1.5 ml/ 100 g distilled water daily for 30 successive days. Results for normal groups of rats revealed that Recipe 1, Recipe 2 and Recipe 3 decreased plasma gamma-glutamyl transferase [GGT]: by -6.1, -26.7, -31.5%; ALT: by-3.8,-13.2, 17.6%; AST: by-5.9,-6.8-21.5%; triglycerides: by 1.8, 0, -13%; cholesterol: by -2.4, -1.2, -1.9% and, increased sleeping time: by 0.5, 1.4 and -0.9%, respectively, vs. control values. Second set of experiments, three groups of carbon tetrachloride-hepatic damaged rats were given the three recipes in the same above mentioned oral doses 2 weeks before carbon tetrachloride and continued for another 2 weeks after induction of the hepatic damage. A fourth group received CC14 for 4 weeks and served as control. The results indicated that there were significant decreases in GGT: [-70, -74.5, -82.0%]; ALT: [-30.1, -36.8, - 49.0%]; AST: [-9.9, -33.3, -43.8%]; triglycerides: [-11.8, -10.5, -17.0%]; cholesterol: [-17.4, -16.4, -24.4%] and sleeping time: [-24.0, -25.1, -37.9%], respectively, vs. carbon tetrachloride-hepatic damaged rats. Histopatholgical study revealed that the three recipes exhibited greater hepatoprotective effects in CCl[4]-induced liver injury by preventing development of hepatic lesions, including liver centrilobular inflammation, cell necrosis, fatty change, ballooning degeneration as compared to the 4[th] control group CCl[4]- intoxication. Also there was an improvement of hepatocytes- DNA contents. The modified recipe 3 was found to be more potent than recipe 1 or 2

Stem and leaf anatomy of Plectranthus neochilus Schltr., Lamiaceae

Plectranthus neochilus Schltr. is an aromatic herb named " boldo" or " boldo-gambá" and employed for treating hepatic insufficiency and dyspepsia in folk medicine. This paper has investigated its stem and leaf anatomy, in order to contribute for the medicinal plant identification. The botanical material was prepared according to standard microtechniques. The stem has quadrangular transection and, in secondary growth at the level analyzed, shows uniseriate epidermis and numerous trichomes. The glandular ones are capitate and peltate. The former has short unicellular or long multicellular stalk and uni- or bicellular head. The latter presents short stalk and eight-celled ovoid head. The non-glandular trichomes are multicellular, uniseriate and coated with granular cuticle. It is observed angular collenchyma, cambia forming phloem outward and xylem inward, and perivascular fiber caps next to the phloem. The blade has uniseriate epidermis coated with striate cuticle, diacytic stomata on both surfaces, numerous trichomes similar to the stem ones, and homogeneous mesophyll. The midrib shows one or two collateral bundles and the petiole has many of them distributed as an open arc.

Plectranthus neochilus Schltr. é uma erva aromática denominada boldo ou " boldo-gambá" e empregada no tratamento de insuficiência hepática e dispepsia na medicina popular. Este trabalho investigou a anatomia caulinar e foliar, com a finalidade de contribuir na identificação dessa planta medicinal. O material botânico foi preparado de acordo com microtécnicas usuais. O caule tem secção transversal quadrangular e, em crescimento secundário no nível analisado, exibe epiderme unisseriada e numerosos tricomas. Os tricomas glandulares são capitados e peltados. Os primeiros têm pedicelo curto e unicelular ou longo e pluricelular e cabeça uni ou bicelular. Os peltados apresentam pedicelo curto e cabeça ovóide com oito células. Os tricomas tectores são pluricelulares, unisseriados e recobertos com cutícula granulosa. Observam-se colênquima angular, câmbio vascular formando floema em direção centrífuga e xilema para o centro, e calotas de fibras perivasculares apostas ao floema. A lâmina foliar tem epiderme uniestratificada revestida por cutícula estriada, estômatos diacíticos em ambas as superfícies, numerosos tricomas similares aos do caule e mesofilo homogêneo. A nervura central possui um ou dois feixes vasculares colaterais e o pecíolo apresenta vários feixes colaterais em arco aberto.

Composición, estructura y aplicaciones de cinco hierbas medicinales de uso popular / Composition, structure, and use of five popular herbal medicines

Se realizó una investigación bibliográfica exhaustiva basada en cinco hierbas medicinales: anís estrellado (Illicum verum), boldo (Peumus boldus Mol.), pezuña de vaca (Bahuinia candicans Benth), sen (Cassia angustifolia Vahl.) y tilo (Tilia cordata Mill.). Las mismas fueron elegidas por sus propiedades y uso popular generalizado. Comprende desde la historia hasta sus propiedades terapéuticas, incluyendo la estructura química, composición, relación estructura /actividad, y analogía con principios activos, además de la correcta forma de preparación y administración. Cabe destacar que no se han dejado de lado ni su utilidad a nivel farmacológico, ni la posibilidad de incluirlas en el quehacer diario como aliados terapéuticos en la consulta nutricional.

Ocorrência do uso de plantas medicinais por moradores de um bairro do município de Marília-SP / The use of herbal medicine by inhabitants of a part of the city of Marília (SP, Brazil)

As plantas medicinais continuam ocupando lugar de destaque no arsenal terapêutico e muitas vezes, é o único recurso de muitas comunidades e grupos étnicos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi pesquisar a ocorrência do uso de plantas medicinais em residências de um bairro do município de Marília-SP. Foram entrevistados moradores de 150 residências do Jardim Lavínia, no período de março a julho de 2006. Foram aplicados questionários semi-estruturados para o levantamento dos dados. Os resultados mostraram que 19,34% das residências, possuíam plantas e destas, 41,37% de Melissaofficinalis, 31,03% de Matricaria chamomilla, 13,79% de Camellia sinensis, Mentha piperita e Foeniculum vulgare, 6,89% de Valeriana officinalis, Baccharis triptera, Peumus boldus e 27,52% outros. A indicação do uso foi de 55,17% por amigos/parentes, 13,79% por TV/Rádio, 13,79% por cultura/crenças, 6,89% não responderam e apenas 10,34% por prescrição médica. Das plantas medicinais encontradas, 31,25% eram utilizados de modo contrário à sua finalidade. Dos moradores entrevistados, 41,37% apresentavam idade acima de 46 anos e 31,03% possuíam ensino superior completo. Estes dados permitem concluir que mesmo o consumo sendo amplo no Brasil, ainda existe escassez de informação e a falta desta se dá também em indivíduos de nível superior, podendo gerar uso incorreto. Os meios de comunicação já não são mais os grandes vilões do estímulo do uso das plantas medicinais, a cultura popular faz com que as indicações sejam transmitidas de pessoa para pessoa, atingindo também a população mais favorecida economicamente

Medicinal herbs continue to occupy an important place in the therapeutic arsenal and frequently are the only available resource for some communities and ethnic groups. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of medicinal herbs in the population of Marília (São Paulo State, Brazil). The occupants of 150 houses in a popular residential district (Jardim Lavinia) were interviewed between March and July 2006, with the aid of semi-structured questionnaires. The results showed that 19.34% of the households had medicinal herbs; of these, 41.37% had Melissa officinalis, 31.03% Matricaria chamomilla, 13.79% Camellia sinensis, Mentha piperita and Foeniculum vulgare, 6.89% Valeriana officinalis, Baccharis triptera and Peumus boldus and 27.52% had others. Their use was recommended in 55.17% of cases by friends?family, 13.79% by TV?radio, 13.79% by received culture or belief, only 10.34% by medical prescription and 6.89% did not answer. 31.25% of the herbs found were used in ways contrary to their recommended use. 41.37% of the interviewees were more than 46 years old and 31.03% had completed university courses. It can be concluded from these data that, although medicinal herbs are widely consumed in Brazil, there is still a shortage of information about them, even among people with higher education, which can lead to incorrect use. The media is no longer the big promoter of herbal medication; popular culture enables indicated treatments to spread from person to person, also reaching the more advantaged population.

Avaliação ultra-sonográfica da resposta motora da vesícula biliar em adultos assintomáticos após medicação fitoterápica / ultrasound evaluation of the gallbladder motor response in asymptomatic adults after phytotherapic medication

A motilidade da vesícula biliar é controlada por uma complexa rede de interações neuroumorais. A associação de substâncias fitoterápicas tais como alcachofra (Cynara scolymus) e boldo (Peumus boldus) tem sido utilizada há vários anos por sua ação colerética reconhecida. A contração da vesícula biliar está descrita entre 35 e 85por cento, dependendo do agente utilizado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia colecinética de produto contendo alcachofra, boldo e outras substâncias fitoterápicas (Solvobil, (Farmasa), sua aceitação e tolerabilidade. Foram estudados, prospectivamente, 30 indivíduos adultos saudáveis. Na primeira fase avaliou-se a a vesícula biliar, em jejum, antes de qualquer estímulo, através do método ultrasonográfico. Sua contração foi monitorizada aos 30 e 60 minutos após ingestão de água e em seguida à medicação. Do total dos 30 indivíduos estudados, 53,3por cento apresentaram redução máxima do volume vesicular aos 30 minutos e, cerca de 40por cento deles, aos 60 minutos, a partir da ingestão do medicamento. O volume cúbico médio da vesícula, em condição basal, foi estatisticamente superior ao da média dos volumes observados aos 30 e 60 minutos, após o estímulo pela droga. Houve diferença estatisticamente significante quando se comparou o volume vesicular médio nos tempos de 30 e 60 minutos, após a ingestão de água, e o encontrado, nos mesmos tempos, após ingestão do medicamento. Os autores concluem que o composto farmacêutico avaliado nas condições metodológicas deste estudo foi capaz de provocar contração vesicular efetiva em voluntários hígidos após jejum alimentar

Caracterización química y sensorial de tres tés digestivos / Chemical and sensorial characterization of three digestive teas

Se estudiaron tres tés digestivos: de manzanilla (Matricaria chamomilla), de menta (Mentha piperita) y de boldo (Peumus boldus Molina) por análisis sensorial descriptivo cuantitativo y por cromatografia en capa fina de la infusión y el extacto. Los principios activos se relacionaron con las percepciones sensoriales para explicar su elección y diferenciación. Para la caracterización sensorial de cada uno de los productos por un panel entrenado se desarrolló una lista de descriptores que posteriormente se cuantificaron en escala semiestructurada de intensidad, de 10 cm. Para probar la diferenciación de las infusiones se realizó un análisis de varianza (ANOVA) de 3 variables: muestra, jueces y repeticiones y el teste de Duncan sobre el conjunto de descriptores de los 3 productos (Statgraphics 5.0)...

In vitro antioxidant activity of Coleus barbatus (Andr.) Benth (False Boldo) and Peumus boldus (Molina) (Boldo of Chile): a comparative study

A comparative assay was made between crude ethanolic extracts of Peumus boldus and Coleus barbatus in order to evaluate their relative in vitro antioxidant capacities. The antioxidant activity of boldine was employed as standard. The Q½ (concentration necessary to decrease 50 percent of the spontaneous autoxidation of the system) indicates that Coleus barbatus (29.00µg/mL) was almost 10 times less active than Peumus boldus (3.2µg/mL). These results indicate the need for further investigations related to the similaraties in the folk use of the two plants in Brazil

Efecto de un extracto seco de boldo sobre el tránsito intestinal oro-cecal en voluntarios sanos / Effect of a dry boldo extract on oro cecal intestinal transit time in healthy volunteers

Background: Boldo (peumus boldus Molina) is a widely used medicinal plant. However, its physiological effects are not well known. Recent studies in animals showed that certain components of boldo relax smooth muscle and prolong intestinal transit. Aim: to assess the effects of a dry boldo extract on oro cecal transit time in normal humans. Subjects and methods: twelve volunteers received 2.5 g of a dry boldo extract or a placebo (glucose) during 2 successive periods of 4 days. On the fourth day, 20 g of lactulose were administered and breath hydrogen was collected every 15 min. Oro cecal transit time was defined as the time in which breath hydrogen increased by 20 ppm over the fasting level. Results: oro cecal transit time was larger after dry boldo extract administration, compared to placebo (112.5ñ15.4 and 87ñ11.8 min respectively, paired t p<0.05). Conclusions: dry boldo extract prolongs oro cecal transit time, a possible explanation for its medicinal use